硬度檢測(cè)的方法有洛氏硬度、布氏硬度、維氏硬度、里氏硬度、肖氏硬度、巴氏硬度、努氏硬度、韋氏硬度等。1.洛氏硬度：以壓痕塑性變形深度來(lái)確定硬度值的指標(biāo)。以0.002毫米作為一個(gè)硬度單位。當(dāng)HB>450或者試樣過(guò)小的時(shí)候，不能采用布氏硬度試驗(yàn)而改用洛氏硬度計(jì)量。它是用一個(gè)頂角120°的金剛石圓錐體或直徑為1.59、3.18mm的鋼球，在一定載荷下壓入被測(cè)材料表面，由壓痕的深度求出材料的硬度。根據(jù)試驗(yàn)材料硬度的不同，分三種不同的標(biāo)度來(lái)表示：（1）HRA：是采用60kg載荷和鉆石錐壓入器求得的硬度，用于硬度極高的材料(如硬質(zhì)合金等)；（2）HRB：是采用100kg載荷和直徑1.58mm淬硬的鋼球，求得的硬度，用于硬度較低的材料(如退火鋼、鑄鐵等)；（3）HRC：是采用150kg載荷和鉆石錐壓入器求得的硬度，用于硬度很高的材料(如淬火鋼等)；2.布氏硬度：布氏硬度(HB)一般用于較軟的材料，如有色金屬、熱處理之前或退火后的鋼鐵。布氏硬度(HB)是以一定大小的試驗(yàn)載荷，將一定直徑的淬硬鋼球或硬質(zhì)合金球壓入被測(cè)金屬表面，保持規(guī)定時(shí)間，然后卸荷，測(cè)量被測(cè)表面壓痕直徑。布氏硬度值是載荷除以壓痕球形表面積所得的商。一般為：以一定的載荷將一定大小的淬硬鋼球壓入材料表面，保持一段時(shí)間，去載后，負(fù)荷與其壓痕面積之比值，即為布氏硬度值(HB)，單位為公斤力/mm2 (N/mm2)。測(cè)試載荷與測(cè)試鋼球的直徑需根據(jù)材料的實(shí)際性能再確定；3.維氏硬度：維氏硬度試驗(yàn)方法是英國(guó)史密斯和塞德蘭德于1925年提出的。英國(guó)的維克斯—阿姆斯特朗公司試制了第一臺(tái)以此方法進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)的硬度計(jì)。和布氏、洛氏硬度試驗(yàn)相比，維氏硬度試驗(yàn)測(cè)量范圍較寬，從較軟材料到超硬材料，幾乎涵蓋各種材料。維氏硬度的測(cè)定原理基本上和布氏硬度相同，也是根據(jù)壓痕單位面積上的載荷來(lái)計(jì)算硬度值。所不同的是維氏硬度試驗(yàn)的壓頭是金剛石的正四棱錐體。試驗(yàn)時(shí)，在一定載荷的作用下，試樣表面上壓出一個(gè)四方錐形的壓痕，測(cè)量壓痕對(duì)角線(xiàn)長(zhǎng)度，借以計(jì)算壓痕的表面積，載荷除以表面積的數(shù)值就是試樣的硬度值，用符號(hào)HV表示；4.里氏硬度：里氏硬度是以HL表示，里氏硬度測(cè)試技術(shù)是由瑞士狄爾馬博士發(fā)明的，它是用一定質(zhì)量的裝有碳化鎢球頭的沖擊體，在一定力的作用下沖擊試件表面，然后反彈。由于材料硬度不同，撞擊后的反彈速度也不同。在沖擊裝置上安裝有永磁材料，當(dāng)沖擊體上下運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，其外圍線(xiàn)圈便感應(yīng)出與速度成正比的電磁信號(hào)，再通過(guò)電子線(xiàn)路轉(zhuǎn)換成里氏硬度值；5.肖氏硬度:簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)HS，表示材料硬度的一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，由英國(guó)人肖爾首先提出。應(yīng)用彈性回跳法將撞銷(xiāo)從一定高度落到所試材料的表面上而發(fā)生回跳。撞銷(xiāo)是一只具有尖端的小錐，尖端上常鑲有金剛鉆。測(cè)試數(shù)值為1000x撞銷(xiāo)返回速度/撞銷(xiāo)初始速度（即為碰撞前后的速度比乘以1000）；6.巴氏硬度:巴柯?tīng)栍捕?簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)巴氏硬度), 最早由美國(guó) Barber-Colman公司提出，是近代國(guó)際上廣泛采用的一種硬度門(mén)類(lèi)，一定形狀的硬鋼壓針，在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)彈簧試驗(yàn)力作用下，壓入試樣表面，用壓針的壓入深度確定材料硬度，定義每壓入0.0076mm為一個(gè)巴氏硬度單位。巴氏硬度單位表示為HBa；7.努氏硬度:努氏硬度是作為絕對(duì)數(shù)值而測(cè)得的硬度，主要在加工方面使用該數(shù)值。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，金剛石的努氏硬度為7000~8000千克/平方毫米；8.韋氏硬度:一定形狀的硬鋼壓針，在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)彈簧試驗(yàn)力作用下壓入試樣表面，用壓針的壓入深度確定材料硬度，定義0.01mm的壓入深度為一個(gè)韋氏硬度單位。韋氏硬度單位表示為HW。硬度測(cè)試種類(lèi):1. HRA:(洛氏A)用于量測(cè)熱處理硬質(zhì)鋼材、氮化物、滲碳冶煉物、軸承鋼、工具鋼及其它軟硬材質(zhì)的硬度測(cè)試；2. HK:(Knoop 努氏)用于量測(cè)較軟材質(zhì)的鋼及非鐵材料之硬度；3. HRC:(Rockwell C洛氏)用于量測(cè)熱處理鋼材、氮化物、滲碳冶煉物、軸承鋼、工具鋼等；4. HRB:(Rockwell B洛氏)用于量測(cè)較軟材質(zhì)的鋼及非鐵材料之硬度；5. HR30T:(Rockwell 30T洛氏) 用于量測(cè)較軟材質(zhì)的鋼及非鐵材料之硬度；6. HB5:(Brinell 布氏5)用于量測(cè)鋁、軟質(zhì)鋁合金、鑄鐵、銅、黃銅等；7. HB30:(Brinell 布氏30)用于熱處理鋼、退火深冷處理鋼材、沖拉材料鋼、深沖鋼帶料等；8. HV:(Vickers維氏)適用于量測(cè)各類(lèi)材料；9. R:(Tensile module拉伸模數(shù) N/mm2)用于熱處理鋼、退火深冷處理鋼材、沖拉材料鋼、深沖鋼帶料等；10. HR15N:(Rockwell 洛氏HR15N)用于量測(cè)熱處理硬質(zhì)鋼材、氮化物、滲碳冶煉物、軸承鋼、工具鋼等。

Hardness testing methods include rockwell hardness, brinell hardness, vickers hardness, Richter hardness, shore hardness, pasteurelle hardness, Knudsen hardness, Webster's hardness, etc. 1. Rockwell hardness: the depth of indentation plastic deformation is used to determine the hardness value. Take 0.002 mm as a hardness unit. When HB>450 or the sample is too small, the brinell hardness test cannot be used instead of rockwell hardness measurement. It USES a diamond cone with a top Angle of 120° or a steel ball with diameters of 1.59 and 3.18mm to press into the surface of the measured material under a certain load, and then calculates the hardness of the material by the depth of indentation. According to different hardness of test materials, HRA can be expressed in three different scales: (1) HRA is the hardness obtained by using 60kg load and drilling cone presser, which is used for extremely hard materials (such as cemented carbide); (2) HRB: a hardened steel ball with a diameter of 1.58mm and a load of 100kg is adopted to obtain the hardness, which is used for materials with lower hardness (such as annealed steel, cast iron, etc.); (3) HRC: the hardness obtained by 150kg load and the drill cone presser is used for materials with high hardness (such as quenched steel, etc.); Brinell hardness: brinell hardness (HB) is generally used in softer materials, such as nonferrous metals, pre-heat treatment or annealed steel. Brinell hardness (HB) is measured by pressing a hardened steel ball or cemented carbide ball of a certain diameter into the surface of the measured metal under a certain test load, holding it for a specified time, then unloading and measuring the indentation diameter of the measured surface. The brinell hardness number is the quotient of the load divided by the surface area of the indentation ball. Generally, a hardened steel ball of a certain size is pressed into the material surface with a certain load and kept for a period of time. After unloading, the ratio of the load to the indentation area is brinell hardness value (HB), which is expressed as kilogram force /mm2 (N/mm2). The test load and the diameter of the test ball should be determined according to the actual properties of the material. Vickers hardness: vickers hardness test method was developed by Smith and seidland in England in 1925. The first durometer to be tested in this way was developed by vickers Armstrong of the United Kingdom. Compared with brinell and rockwell hardness tests, vickers hardness test measures a wide range of materials, from softer materials to superhard materials, almost all kinds of materials. Vickers hardness is basically measured on the same principle as brinell hardness, which is based on the load per unit area of indentation. The difference is that the head of vickers hardness test is a positive pyramid of diamond. During the test, under the action of a certain load, a square cone indentation is pressed out on the surface of the sample, and the diagonal length of the indentation is measured so as to calculate the surface area of the indentation. The value of the load divided by the surface area is the hardness value of the sample, expressed by the symbol HV. Richter hardness: Richter hardness is expressed by HL. Richter hardness test technology was invented by Dr. Dierma of Switzerland. It USES a certain mass of impact body with tungsten carbide ball head to impact the surface of the specimen under a certain force and then rebound. Due to different hardness of materials, the rebound speed after impact is also different. Permanent magnet material is installed on the impact device. When the impact body moves up and down, its peripheral coil will generate electromagnetic signal proportional to the speed, and then convert it into Richter hardness value through the electronic circuit. 5. Shore hardness: HS for short, refers to a standard of material hardness, first proposed by the British shore. The bounce occurs when the impact pin falls from a certain height to the surface of the tested material. A bump pin is a small cone with a tip, on which diamonds are often inserted. The test value is 1000x return speed of impact pin/initial speed of impact pin (i.e., the velocity ratio before and after the collision is multiplied by 1000); 6. Barcol hardness: cole hardness (hereinafter referred to as barcol hardness), the first put forward by the Barber - Colman company, is a kind of hardness that is widely used in modern international category, must be in the shape of a hard steel needle, under the standard spring test force, pressed into the surface of the specimen, with pressure needle depth to determine the material hardness, define each pressure into the 0.0076 mm is a barcol hardness unit. The HBa hardness unit is expressed as HBa. 7. Nutrilite hardness: nutrilite hardness is the hardness measured as an absolute value, which is mainly used in processing. In general, the hardness of diamond is 7000~8000 kg/m2. 8. Wechsler hardness: a hard steel presser of a certain shape is pressed into the sample surface under the action of the standard spring test force. The depth of presser is used to determine the hardness of the material. The wechsler hardness unit is called HW. 1. HRA:(rockwell A) used for measuring hardness test of hard steel, nitride, carburizing smelting, bearing steel, tool steel and other soft and hard materials; 2. HK:(Knoop) for measuring hardness of steel and non-iron materials with softer materials; 3. HRC:(Rockwell C) for measuring heat treated steel, nitride, carburizing smelting, bearing steel, tool steel, etc. 4. HRB (Rockwell B) is used to measure the hardness of steel and non-iron materials of softer materials; 5. HR30T:(Rockwell 30T) used to measure the hardness of steel and non-iron materials of softer materials; 6. HB5:(Brinell Brinell 5) used for measuring aluminum, soft aluminum alloy, cast iron, copper, brass, etc.; 7. HB30:(Brinell Brinell 30) used for heat treatment steel, annealing cryogenic treatment steel, drawing material steel, deep drawing steel strip material, etc. 8. HV:(Vickers) suitable for measuring various materials; 9. R: (Tensile module Tensile modulus N/was) used in cryogenic heat treatment of steel, annealing, rushed to pull material steel, steel deep drawing steel strip material, etc.; 10. HR15N:(Rockwell HR15N) for the measurement of heat treated hard steels, nitrides, carburizing smelting, bearing steels, tool steels, etc.